Functionally graded additive manufacturing to achieve functionality specifications of osteochondral scaffolds

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease, characterised by cartilage loss and changes in bone at the interface of a joint resulting in pain, stiffness and reduced mobility. OA is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions as identified in Bone and Joint Decade. According to the World Health Organisation 40% of people over the age of 70 have OA. The aim of this paper is to define the functionality and performance which would be required for intended clinical applications in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Also, to show that the capabilities of 3D bioprinting and functionally graded additive manufacturing scaffolds are suitable to meet most of these requirements.