Tetrel, chalcogen, and CH⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds in complexes pairing carbonyl-containing molecules with 1, 2, and 3 molecules of CO2

Abstract

The complexes formed by H2CO, CH3CHO, and (CH3)2CO with 1, 2, and 3 molecules of CO2 are studied by ab initio calculations. Three different types of heterodimers are observed, most containing a tetrel bond to the C atom of CO2, and some supplemented by a CH··O H-bond. One type of heterodimer is stabilized by an anti-parallel arrangement of the C==O bonds of the two molecules. The binding energies are enhanced by methyl substitution on the carbonyl, and vary between 2.4 and 3.5 kcal/mol. Natural bond orbital analysis identifies a prime source of interaction as charge transfer into the π*(CO) antibonding orbital. Heterotrimers and tetramers carry over many of the geometrical and bonding features of the binary complexes, but also introduce O··O chalcogen bonds. These larger complexes exhibit only small amounts of cooperativity