Impact of Novel Diets on the Distribution of Mucosal Immune Cells in the Digestive System of High-Growth Genetically Selected Gilthead Seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) in a Long-Term Feeding Trial

Abstract

An alternative fish feed (ALT) replacing 50% of the fishmeal with poultry byproduct meal and insect meal and total fish oil with microalgae, poultry, and salmon byproducts oils was tested for 300 days on 900 gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) with an initial body weight of 17.1 +/- 1.8 g (mean +/- SD) of unselected (REF) and selected (HG) genotypes. Using in situ, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry techniques, we assessed the immune response by characterizing IgT and IgM immunoglobulins, CD3 epsilon(+) T lymphocytes, and eosinophilic granular cells (EGCs) along the digestive system. IgT mRNA(+) cells were concentrated in the second part of the digestive tract, while IgM(+) predominated in the first and occasionally showed intraepithelial localization. CD3 epsilon(+) and EGCs were most prominent in the midgut. The diet affected IgT and IgM mRNA(+) cells mainly in the initial part of the digestive tract. For CD3 epsilon(+), the diet only affected the initial and final parts, while the ALT diet increased EGC abundance across the middle compartments. Genetic selection had minimal effect on IgT(+) and CD3 epsilon(+) cells, affecting only the first compartments. The REF group showed higher IgM(+) cell abundance in specific regions, while EGCs differed between genotypes, favoring anterior accumulation in HG and ileocecal abundance in the REF group.