Biotic mechanisms strengthen functional and phylogenetic convergence of reef fish assemblages at higher latitudes

Abstract

Aim: How communities of organisms come together has long fascinated scientists, with renewed interest in using functional and evolutionary patterns to infer mechanisms of community assembly. Ecological theory predicts that biotic interactions could lead to either divergence in the event of niche partitioning or convergence through the exclusion of competitively inferior species, but most macroecological studies attribute the latter to environmental influences. Here, we investigated the relative importance of these two opposing mechanisms across broad spatial gradients. We hypothesised stronger signals of: (i) convergence at high latitude owing to ecological generalism and (ii) divergence at low latitudes owing to specialisation.<br /> Major Taxa Studied: Reef-associated bony fishes.<br /> Location: Global.Time Period2006-2019.<br /> Methods: We used a global dataset on marine reef fish assemblages comprising 2476 species at 3325 sites to disentangle the biotic drivers of community assembly across > 100 degrees of latitude. We then applied a framework to remove environmental influences before examining whether any signs of biotic interactions remained in the trait and phylogenetic diversity of local communities relative to the (environmentally constrained) regional species pool, drawing on six functional traits and a phylogeny of bony fishes.<br /> Results: Local fish assemblages were more functionally and phylogenetically similar to each other than expected based on the regional species pool at higher latitude reefs (i.e., show greater convergence). This pattern was evident after accounting for major sources of local environmental variation, suggesting exclusion of weak competitors. Functional convergence was mainly driven by traits related to resource acquisition, with high-latitude assemblages converging towards more energetic carnivorous and planktivorous diets.<br /> Main Conclusions: Our results suggest that biotic interactions drive greater trait and phylogenetic convergence from tropical to temperate zones. Likely mechanisms include increasing generalism and overlap in ecological strategies towards the poles, leading to the exclusion of weak competitors.