Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10553/128782
Title: Intraspecific and geographical variation in rodenticide exposure among common kestrels in Tenerife (Canary Islands)
Authors: Carrillo-Hidalgo, José
Martín Cruz, Beatriz 
Henríquez Hernández, Luis Alberto 
Rial Berriel, Cristian Javier 
Acosta Dacal, Andrea Carolina 
Zumbado Peña, Manuel Luis 
Pérez Luzardo, Octavio Luis 
UNESCO Clasification: 3109 Ciencias veterinarias
240111 Patología animal
240120 Ornitología
Keywords: Anticoagulant
Biocides
Brodifacoum
Bromadiolone
Difenacoum, et al
Issue Date: 2024
Journal: Science of the Total Environment 
Abstract: This study assesses the impact of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) on the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus canariensis) in Tenerife, Canary Islands. The analysis of 390 liver samples over 19 years using HPLC-MS/MS showed that 93.1 % of kestrels were exposed to SGARs in this island. A notable shift in SGAR profiles was observed, with bromadiolone and flocoumafen decreasing, while brodifacoum levels increased sharply from 2018 onwards. Comparatively, Tenerife kestrels had a higher detection frequency of SGARs (93.1 %) than those in the rest of the islands of the archipelago (68.2 %), with median concentrations nearly double (∑AR = 180.9 vs 102.4 ng/g liver, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, on average, kestrels from Tenerife were found to have a higher number of different rodenticide compounds per individual. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) analysis revealed that several factors contribute to the likelihood of SGAR exposure: being an adult kestrel, the enactment of legal restrictions on SGAR bait concentrations in 2018, higher livestock density, and greater human population density. These findings suggest that both bioaccumulation over the birds' lifespans and environmental factors related to human and agricultural activity are influencing the levels of SGARs detected. Alarmingly, 44.7 % of kestrels had SGAR levels above the toxicity threshold established for other raptor species (200 ng/g liver), signaling a high poisoning risk. This is despite EU regulations to protect wildlife, with our findings indicating an increase in both exposure rates and SGAR concentrations since these laws were enacted. The data highlight a critical environmental threat to endemic species on islands like Tenerife. The common kestrel, not considered globally endangered, is nonetheless facing regional threats from SGAR contamination. These results emphasize the urgent need for effective regulations to address the persistent and growing impact of SGARs on island biodiversity.
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10553/128782
ISSN: 0048-9697
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168551
Source: Science of the Total Environment [ISSN 0048-9697], v. 910, 168551, (Febrero 2024)
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