Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10553/113850
Title: Occurrence and environmental hazard of organic UV filters in seawater and wastewater from Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands, Spain)
Authors: Cadena Aizaga, Marcia Isabel 
Montesdeoca Esponda, Sarah 
Sosa Ferrera, María Zoraida 
Santana Rodríguez, José Juan 
UNESCO Clasification: 330811 Control de la contaminación del agua
330810 Tecnología de aguas residuales
Keywords: Organic ultraviolet filters
Solid phase extraction
Seawater
Wastewater
Environmental hazard assessment
Issue Date: 2022
Journal: Environmental Pollution 
Abstract: Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in personal care products, but they are also added to industrial products and are constantly released to the environment. This study analyses the occurrence of 8 widely used organic UV filters in seawater from three beaches on the Gran Canaria Island (Spain) and in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by taking samples from influents and effluents. It also discusses the target compounds’ post-treatment removal efficiencies. Sampling was carried out for 6 months and analytes were extracted by solid phase extraction with Sep-pak C18 cartridges. They were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem. The potential environmental hazard associated with the found concentrations was also assessed for marine organisms. Different target compounds were detected on the analysed beaches and in the wastewater. Benzophenone-3 (BP3) was the most recurrent compound in the seawater samples (frequency detection of 83%) and also in wastewater influents and effluents (measured in all the samples). However, the highest concentrations for seawater (172 μg L−1) and influent wastewater (208 μg L−1) corresponded to octocrylene, while methylene bis-benzotriazolyltetramethylbutylphenol was the compound most concentrated in secondary treatment effluent (34.0 μg L−1) and BP3 in tertiary treatment effluent (8.07 μg L−1). All the analysed samples showed that at least one target UV filter was present. Regarding the removal efficiencies of these compounds in the studied WWTPs, consistent differences between the target compounds were observed in influent concentration terms, where the average removal rates were higher than 50% for most of the compounds. Conventional treatment is unable to completely remove many studied compounds, while tertiary treatment acts as an additional elimination for some of them. An environmental hazard quotient above 1 was found for octocrylene, benzophenone-3 and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, which indicates a potential high hazard for living species if these compounds are present.
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10553/113850
ISSN: 0269-7491
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118843
Source: Environmental Pollution [ISSN 0269-7491], v. 300, May 2022, 118843
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