Deep stocks avoid competition migrating horizontal and vertically: The example of two scabbardfishes (Aphanopus spp.) targeted by long-liners in grounds next to an oceanic archipelago

Abstract

Fishing is occurring all over the globe, with an increase trend of exploiting deep stocks. Several species are currently targeted from the deep ocean, and some artisanal fisheries developed fishing gears, e.g. long lines, with limited impact to the environment but scarce information is available on biological aspects of these exploited stocks. In the Macaronesian region and specifically in Madeira archipelago, two Aphanopus sympatric species have been extensively exploited for decades but no detailed information is available on the spatial and vertical distribution of both species (Aphanopus carbo and Aphanopus intermedius). Currently, they represent an important percentage of landings from artisanal fishermen of Madeira (27% of the total catches in 2017). We herein observed that they showed a pattern of depth segregation, where adults of both species are more abundant (ca. 80%) at deeper seafloor (> 2500 m). A. intermedius was more numerous in fishing areas with greater seafloor depth (> 4500 m) compared to A. carbo. This pattern may be explained by a food source overlap between both species, and also the vertical segregation within the same species may be considered as a pattern to avoid cannibalism. Also, migration patterns were found in both species being more pronounced for A. intermedius where > 86% of individuals were collected offshore (> 12 n.m.). The present results constitute a step forward to start developing integrative management actions to preserve stocks of both species in the medium and long term in the study region.