Flywheels in renewable energy systems: an analysis of their role in managing intermittency

Abstract

This paper presents an analytical review of the use of flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs) for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources into electrical grids and microgrids. An exhaustive search of scientific databases was first conducted which yielded 175 relevant articles encompassing 210 case studies. The studies were classified as theoretical or experimental and divided into two main ategories: stabilization and dynamic energy storage applications. Of the studies considered, 48 % correspond to the former category and 52 % to the latter. Spain leads the way in terms of the development of experimental studies (18 of the 52 studies considered), followed by Australia (11). An examination was then conducted of the current uses, advantages, and limitations of FESSs. The results indicate a growing interest in research on FESSs and their implementation in renewable energy generation contexts. FESSs are characterized by their high-power density, rapid response times, an exceptional cycle life, and high efficiency, which make them particularly suitable for applications that require immediate power delivery and frequent cycling. However, challenges such as higher initial capital costs and integration into existing market designs hinder their widespread adoption. The discussion highlights the need for evolving market designs and regulatory frameworks that recognize the full value of FESSs, as well as continued technological advances to improve their economic viability. The study concludes that FESSs have significant potential to enhance grid stability and facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources, contributing to more sustainable and resilient electrical systems.