Survival and Lung Function Changes in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis According to Radiological Phenotypes Compared With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Abstract

Introduction: The main objective of this study was to estimate survival and changes in lung function in patients with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), both fibrotic (f-HP) and nonfibrotic (nf-HP), and to compare them with those in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

Methods: HP was diagnosed based on antigen exposure, HRCT (high-resolution CT scan), BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage), and histology. According to HRCT, HP was classified into fibrotic and non-fibrotic phenotypes. In most cases, IPF was diagnosed based on HRCT findings.

Results: We identified 84 patients: 46 with IPF, 18 with f-HP, and 20 with nf-HP. Five-year survival was 23.9% in IPF, 72% in f-HP, and 100% in nf-HP (p <0.0001). Honeycombing was associated with decreased survival in IPF (p <0.001) and in f-HP (p <0.0001). The mean loss of FVC (forced vital capacity) % pred. (percent predicted) was -18.3% in IPF (p =0.001), -4.8% in f-HP, and -6.0% in nf-HP. The mean change in DLCO (diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide) % pred. was -10.2% in IPF (p <0.002), -0.5% in f-HP, and +1.9% in nf-HP. The agreement between radiological phenotypes and histology in HP was 89.6%.

Conclusions: We found shorter survival in IPF, followed by f-HP, and nf-HP. Over time, we did not find significant changes in FVC% pred. or DLCO% pred. in HP, while a significant decline in IPF was noted. In HP, we found strong agreement between radiological phenotypes and histology. Radiological signs suggestive of lung fibrosis in HP were reliable for the diagnosis of f-HP and seem to have intrinsic prognostic value.