Solid-Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (μSLLE) Method for Determining Persistent Pollutants in Microplastics

Abstract

Ongoing pollution of the marine environment requires quick and reasonably priced analytical techniques that allow routine checking of the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) found in different samples and, in particular, coastal samples. Miniaturized extraction techniques enable us to analyze samples more quickly and cheaply. These methodologies are highly effective for analysis of liquid samples, but not for solid samples, and even less so for microplastic pollutant analyses. A miniaturized solid-liquid-liquid extraction technique (μSLLE) has been developed to extract, pre-concentrate, and analyze up to 27 POPs from marine microplastics, using a quick methodology which does not require drying of the extract for its preconcentration. Target pollutants were analyzed using single quadrupole gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method has been optimized and validated, and was applied to different marine microplastic samples collected on the islands of Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]